This course extends the knowledge of the analytical chemistry to include the fundamental principles and application of modern instrumental methods including spectroscopic, spectrometric, and separation methods. The topics covered have applications to many subject areas in Natural Sciences, Life Science and Engineering.
This course is presented in a lecture/discussion format. The content of the course includes:
Part I:
I. Electrolysis
A. Electrogravimetry
a) Separation
b) Types
c) Effect of I on E
i) Concentration polarization
ii) Kinetic polarization
d) Non-potentiostatic Method
i) Change in I & IR
ii) I-V behavior during electrolysis
e) Potentiostatic Method
i) Three-electrode system
ii) Cell Potential and Current Change
B. Coulometry
a) Analysis
b) Controlled-potential coulometry
c) Controlled-current coulometry
II. Voltammetry
A. Basic Concepts
a) Electrode Reaction
b) Voltammogram
c) Concentration Profile
d) Types
e) Supporting Electrolyte
f) Nernst Diffusion Layer
g) Steady-State Current
h) i - E Relationship
B. Microelectrode
a) Disk and ring-disk electrodes
b) Hg electrodes
c) Chemically modified electrodes
C. Hydrodynamic Voltammetry
a) Sampled Current Voltammetry
b) E½ & n
c) i - E Relationship
d) Anodic and Mixed Anodic/Cathodic Voltammogram
D. Stationary Solution Voltammetry
a) Polarography
b) Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)
i) Excitation Signal
ii) Scan Rate
iii) Cyclic Voltammogram
iv) CV Analysis
c) Pulse Voltammetric Methods
i) Differential Pulse Voltammetry
ii) Square Wave Voltammetry
d) Stripping Methods

Part II:
I. Introduction to Instrumental Analysis
II. Fundamentals of Spectroscopy/Spectrometry
A. Introduction to Spectroscopy
B. Characteristics of Electromagnetic radiation
C. Wave Property of Light and Optical Component
a) Interference
i) Interference Filter
ii) Fabry-Perot Etalon
iii) Interference Filter
b) Transmission
i) Transmittance
ii) Cell
iii) Optical Fiber
c) Reflection
i) Reflectance
ii) Low-Reflection Coating
iii) Reflection vs. Incident Angle
iv) Critical Angle
d) Refraction
i) Snell’s Law
ii) Dispersion
iii) Chromatic Aberration and Correction
iv) Mirage
v) Lens and Prism
e) Scattering
i) Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings
ii) Rayleigh and Mie Scatterings
iii) Tyndall Effect
iv) Raman Scattering
f) Diffraction
i) Single and Double Slits
ii) Bragg’s Law
iii) Echelle- and Echellette-type Gratings
iv) Monochromator
v) Holographic Filter
vi) Angular and Linear Dispersions
vii) Resolving Power and Gathering Power
viii) Effective Bandwidth
D. Particle Property of Light and Its Use
a) Photoelectric effect
b) Absorption
i) Single and Triplet States
ii) Atomic and Molecular Absorption
iii) Vibronic Transition
iv) Franck-Condon principle
v) Absorption Spectrum
vi) Absorption Filter
c) Emission
i) Atomic and Molecular Emission
ii) Kasha's rule
iii) Blackbody radiation
E. Spectroscopy
i) Type of Spectroscopy
ii) Nature of Excitation
III. Measurement
A. Measurement Process
B. Beer’s Law
a) Absorbance, Absorptivity, Absorptance
b) Limitations of Beer’s law
C. Design of Optical Instruments
D. Single- and Double-Beam Instruments
VI. UV and Visible Absorption Spectrometry
A. Range and Type of UV/Vis Radiation
B. Principle
a) Molar Absorptivity
b) Spectroscopic Process
i) (83e0), (83e3), n electron Transition
ii) d, f-electron Transition
iii) internal charge transfer
c) Effect of Multichromophores
d) d, f-electron Transition
C. Measurement
a) Standard Addition Method
b) Solvent Selection
c) Solvent Effect
d) Calibration
D. Instrumentation
a) Sample Cell and Construction Materials
b) Source
i) Tungsten Filament Lamp
ii) Halogen Lamp
iii) Arc Lamp
c) Wavelength Selector
i) Filter
ii) Grating
d) Slit
e) Detector
i) Phototube
ii) Photodiode
iii) Photomultiplier Tube
iv) Photovoltaic Cell
v) Multichannel Detector
1) Photodiode Array
2) Charge-Transfer Device
3) Complementary MOS Sensor
E. Spectroscopic Information
a) Imaging
b) Qualitative
i) Saturated vs. Unsaturated compounds
ii) Functional Group
iii) Aromatic compound
iv) Derivative Spectrophotometry
c) Quantative
i) Mixture Analysis
ii) Photometric Titration
iii) Scatchard Plot
iv) Method of Continous Variation
v) Flow Injection Analysis
F. Spectral Analysis
a) Woodward-Fieser Rule
i) Diene
ii) (83d1),(83d2)-Unsaturated Carbonyls
V. Luminescence Spectroscopy
A. Luminescence
B. Principle
a) Spectroscopic Process
i) Excitation
ii) Relaxation
b) Quantum Yield
c) Favorable Condition for Luminescence
d) Emission Spectrum
e) 90˚ Detection
f) Luminescence Intensity
g) Type of Luminescence
i) Thermoluminescence
ii) Photoluminescence (PL)
iii) Chemiluminescence (CL)
iv) Bioluminescence
v) Electroluminescence (EL)
C. Instrumentation
D. Spectroscopic Information
a) FL System
i) Aliphatic
ii) Aromatic
iii) Rigid and Chelate Compounds
b) Fluorescent Agent
i) Neutral Analyte
ii) Ionic Analyte
c) Use of Excited-State Molecules
i) Luminescence Quenching
ii) Stern-Volmer Equation
iii) Stern-Volmer Plot
iv) Intracellar Oxygen Sensor
d) Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
i) Förster Transfer
ii) Application
VI. Infrared Spectroscopy
A. Range and Type of IR Radiation
B. Principle
a) Molecular Excitation
b) Type of Molecular Vibration
i) Stretching
ii) Bending
c) Normal Mode of Vibration
d) Spectroscopic Process
i) Harmonic Oscillator
ii) Anharmonicity Oscillator
d) IR-Active Vibration
i) Dipole Moment
ii) Dynamic Dipole
C. Instrumentation
a) Nondispersive Instrument
i) Filter Photometers
ii) Photometer without Filter
iii) Filter Correlation Analyzer
b) Dispersive Instrument
i) Double-Beam Spectrometer
ii) FTIR Spectrometer
c) Sample Cell and Construction Materials
d) Source
i) Nernst Glower
ii) Globar
iii) Nichrome Wire
iv) Mercury Lamp
v) Carbon Dioxide Laser
e) Wavelength Selector
i) Interference Filter
ii) Filter Wedge
iii) Monochromator
f) Detector
i) Thermocouple
ii) Bolometer
iii) Golay Detector
iv) Pyroelectric Detector
v) IR Photonic Detector
D. Spectroscopic Information
a) Functional Group
b) Quantitative
VII. Raman Spectroscopy
A. Principle
a) Polarizability
b) Raman Scattering
c) Energy Shift
d) Raman-Active Vibration
e) Raman Scattering Intensity
f) Advantage Over IR
B. Instrumentation
a) Laser
C. Spectroscopic Information
Raman vs. IR
VIII. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
A. Principle
a) Range of Radiation
b) Nuclear Spin
i) Spin Angular Momentum
ii) Induced Magnetic Field
B. Instrumentation and Measurement
a) Phase Coherence
b) Magnetic Resonance
i) Uncertainty Principle
ii) Relaxation Mode
d) Secondary Field
i) Electrons in Orbit
ii) Screen Effect
IX. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
A. Principle
a) Emission
b) Atomic Structure
B. Measurement
a) Source of Errors - Uncertainty Principle
b) Spectral Line Shape
i) Natural Line Width
ii) Pressure Broadening
iii) Doppler Broadening
iv) Background Radiation
v) Molecular Emission Contribution
vi) Self-Absorption
c) Temperature Effect
d) Interference
C. Instrumentation
a) System
b) Atomizer
i) Flame Atomizer
ii) Electrothermal Atomizer
iii) DC Arc
iv) Inductively Coupled Plasma Discharge
X. Analytical Separation
A. General Description
a) Solvent Extraction
b) Mobile and Stationary Phases
c) Classification
i) Based on Contact Physics
ii) Based on Equilibrium
c) Elution
B. Principle
a) Migration Rate
i) Dead Time
ii) Distribution Constant
b) Retention Time
c) Flow Rate – Flow Velocity Relationship
d) Migration Rate - Distribution Constant
e) Retention Factor
f) Selectivity Factor
g) Band Broadening
i) Rate Theory of Chromatography
ii) Tailing and Fronting
h) Column Efficiency
i) Plate Height
ii) Number of Theoretical Plates
iii) Column Efficiency Variables
i) Column Resolution
i) Retention Factor Effect
ii) Selectivity Factor Effect
iii) Resolution Effect on Retention Time
j) Column Resolution
XI. Gas Chromatography
A. Separation Process
B. Injection and Detection
C. Detector
D. Sample Preparation
XII. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
A. Chromatographic Process
B. Injection and Detection
C. Reversed-Phase Separation
D. Gradient Separation